The first American railroad - Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The primary American railroad - Narrative - Essay Example For example, through stories it is conceivable to clarify and see how individuals and societies of the past related with one another prompting the procedure of advancement and how this improvement came to spread in different areas. Such an excess of, being in the predicting of the primary American rail street line. The main American rail street was roughly 3,000 and sixty nine kilometers or one thousand 900 and seven miles in length. Likewise named as the main cross-country rail street and the pacific rail street, it got a great deal of people groups eyes in wonder. It was built through an absolute tie time of six years structure 1863 to 1869. The totality of the rail street line ran structure the pacific shoreline of San Francisco sound to chamber feigns, Lowa over the western US (Hofsommer 12). This rail street was at the time the significant improvement venture and individuals utilized it as the significant type of transport. This ensured the legislature was sharp in each part of its turn of events. For example it included the consultancy of different privately owned businesses in its advancement, for example, the western pacific rail street organization, the focal pacific railroad organization of California, and the association pacific rail street organization. Every one of these organizations was associated with the arranging and usage stages with each sharing a portion of building the rail way line (Hofsommer 4). As was in a large number of different districts at that point, the oar liners were the main trains to move over this rail street. Upon the arrival of the starting of the rail way the main oar liner out and about was propelled and a considerable lot of the grandiose residents in the nation shared passes to ride and stand out forever as the principal travelers on the primary American rail street. Thousand increasingly lined along the rail street all through the entire excursion to observe this surprising innovation that vowed to accompany better formative open doors for their country. The common war gave America prepared

Affect vs. Effect

Influence versus Impact Influence versus Impact Influence versus Impact By Mark Nichol Among the sets of words authors regularly confound, influence and impact may be the most astounding, maybe on the grounds that their implications are so comparative. Influence, got from affectus, from the Latin word afficere, â€Å"to plan something for, act on,† is handily conflated with impact, obtained from Anglo-French, eventually coming from the Latin word effectus, from efficere, â€Å"to bring about.† Whats the distinction among influence and impact? Influence is generally an action word, which means to impact or follow up on. Model: The loss of his dad influenced him significantly. Impact is generally a thing, which means the aftereffect of an activity. Model: What will be the impact of shutting down Main Street? Beneath you will discover less basic implications and related or subordinate words. Influence The different faculties of effect, each followed by a sentence showing them, follow: A thing meaning â€Å"mental state†: â€Å"In his report, the specialist, taking note of his absence of articulation or different indications of feeling, depicted his effect as flat.† An action word meaning â€Å"to produce an impact, to influence†: â€Å"I realized that my sentiment would influence her decision, so I purposely retained it.† An action word meaning â€Å"to pretend† or â€Å"to put on†: â€Å"She attempted to influence a quality of indifference, however she was noticeably agitated.† Words with influence as the root, trailed by their utilization in a sentence, incorporate the accompanying: Gesture: A thing meaning â€Å"self-cognizant behavior†: â€Å"The girl’s gesture of refined development was undermined by the tenacious snapping of her biting gum.† Love: A thing meaning â€Å"kind or adoring emotion†: â€Å"Her grandfather’s profound fondness for her was clear in his inspiring smile.† Estranged: A descriptive word meaning â€Å"discontented, rebellious†: â€Å"Disaffected youth frightened by the poor occupation showcase and the bigger issue of a general public that doesn't appear to esteem them have been joining the dissent development in ever more noteworthy numbers.† (This word is an instance of an antonym that has outlasted the first term from which it was determined in contrast; authors and speakers not, at this point express, in the feeling of â€Å"favorably disposed,† that an individual is influenced.) Unaffected: A descriptive word with two particular detects: the exacting significance of â€Å"not impacted or altered† (â€Å"They appeared to be stunningly unaffected by the terrible news†) and the shockingly more established, allegorical importance â€Å"genuine† (â€Å"The youth’s real to life, unaffected disposition spoke to her after the unnatural pomposity of her numerous suitors†). Impact The different faculties of impact, each followed by a sentence exhibiting them, follow: A thing meaning â€Å"the consequence of a cause†: â€Å"The impact of the disproportionate vote was lost trust in the chairman.† A thing meaning â€Å"an impression†: â€Å"The delicate, delicate tone has a quieting effect.† A thing, for the most part in plural structure, which means â€Å"personal property, possession†: â€Å"Among the impacts found in the perished man’s pockets was a little book with his name self-inscribed.† An action word meaning â€Å"to accomplish†: â€Å"His recently discovered awareness of other's expectations affected a positive change in her mentality toward him.† Words with impact as the root, trailed by their utilization in a sentence, incorporate the accompanying: Eventual outcome: A thing, as a rule in plural structure, which means â€Å"something that follows a cause†: â€Å"The delayed consequences of the choice are as yet being felt years later.† Viable: A modifier meaning â€Å"successful†: â€Å"The bug repellent was powerful at keeping the mosquitoes under control, which made for a wonderful outing.† Solid: A descriptor meaning â€Å"able to deliver an ideal effect†: â€Å"Our end is that intercession is a strong procedure for acquiring a commonly fulfilling outcome.† The thing effectiveness and the modifier proficient, however not founded on the root impact, share its etymological cause and mean, separately, â€Å"productivity† and â€Å"productive† in the feeling of achieving something with at least exertion comparable to result. Adequacy (â€Å"the capacity to deliver an ideal effect†) and solid (â€Å"able to create an ideal effect†) are additionally related. Another, startling expression of related birthplace is careless (â€Å"weak, worthless†), which is uncommon and has lost its antonym, feckful, through long neglect. Feck is an abbreviated type of impact created in Scottish English. Citations from papers Levy champs and washouts: How Trumps exchange spat could influence customers. President Trumps inconvenience of duties on imported (www.usatoday.com) 405,000 years, gravitational pulls from the planets Jupiter and Venus bit by bit influence Earths atmosphere and living things, as indicated by another investigation. (www.usatoday.com) he says. â€Å"You can eat as much as possible, lazy pig about, you can drink as much liquor as you like †the impact is humble contrasted and these other two factors.† Human creatures are naturally built for (www.theguardian.com) European Union duties produce results in Trump battle: How they will hit American productsThe Europe (www.usatoday.com) Video Recap A Quick and Easy Way to Know Whether to Use Affect or Effect Keep in mind, a general dependable guideline is that â€Å"affect† is normally an action word (a â€Å"doing word†) and â€Å"effect† is typically a thing (something you can put â€Å"the† before). This doesn’t apply constantly, obviously †as we’ve seen above, there are bunches of manners by which the words â€Å"effect† and â€Å"affect† can be utilized. It’s a decent spot to start, however, in the event that you’re uncertain which you need. Here’s an example sentence: I don’t think this will [affect/effect] the spending plan. Which word, influence or impact, is right? A simple method to make sense of this is to supplant â€Å"affect† with the action word â€Å"alter† and check whether the sentence works: I don’t think this will adjust the financial plan. Truly †it despite everything bodes well, so â€Å"affect† is the word you need. Here’s another sentence: We haven’t yet encountered the full [affect/effect] of environmental change. Would we be able to utilize â€Å"affect† here? Take a stab at supplanting it with â€Å"alter†: We haven’t yet encountered the full adjust of environmental change. No, that doesn’t bode well by any means. What about â€Å"effect†? Take a stab at supplanting that with the thing â€Å"end result†: We haven’t yet encountered the full final product of atmosphere changes. It’s a marginally inelegant sentence †yet it accomplishes work syntactically. So â€Å"effect† is the word you need here. This standard won’t work for each and every circumstance, except much of the time, it’ll help you rapidly select the word that you need. Shouldn't something be said about Affect as a Noun and Effect as a Verb? It’s genuinely uncommon to run over â€Å"affect† utilized as a thing: as we saw above, when it is utilized along these lines, it implies â€Å"mental state†. You may experience it in some more established works or genuinely logical ones about psychiatry. It’s somewhat more typical to go over â€Å"effect† utilized as an action word, however this is still genuinely uncommon and it can appear to be a little good old in this unique situation. It’s used to mean â€Å"brought about† or â€Å"accomplished† †for example â€Å"The quick changes she made after she landed the position affected a total turnaround in the company’s money related position.† Regardless where you’re questionable, however, it’s likely that influence is an action word (supplant it with â€Å"alter† to check) and impact is a thing (supplant it with â€Å"end result† to check). Influence versus Effect Quiz For each sentence, select which word ought to be utilized: 1. The spending cuts will unavoidably [affect/effect] our specialization. influence impact 2. The [affect/effect] of rising early is that you can make an extraordinary beginning on the day preceding the vast majority are up. impact influence 3. Smoking will truly [affect/effect] your wellbeing. influence impact 4. Numerous individuals locate that standard exercise has a positive [affect/effect] on their psychological well-being. impact influence Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsOwing to versus Due to50 Tips on How to Write Good

Night before x-mas parody :: essays research papers

‘Twas the prior night spring break, when all through the city Bunches of youngsters were mixing, conscious in their home; The short jeans and short sleeves were hung in the wardrobe with care, With the expectation that warm climate before long would be there; The kids were eager being stuck in there beds, While dreams of pre-summer fun moved in there heads; What's more, dim in the window and I on the love seat, Had quite recently woken up from a snappy night rest, When out on the garden there emerged such a bang, I sprang from my resting spot to see to perceive what was wrong. Away to the window I flew like a blaze, Turned on the light and hurled the scarf. The moon on the remainder of the crisp spring grass Gave the radiance of morning to objects underneath, At the point when what to my languid eyes ought to show up, Be that as it may, a child on a razor bike, insulting my ears. With a little youthful rider so energetic and speedy, I knew in a second it must be a neigbor. More anoying than anything was the pounding that came, As he thundered and protested down the asphalt he came; As dry leaves before the wild tropical storm fly, At the point when he meets a little stone bike and rider will fly, So down to the city intersection he flew, With a disapprove of his face and a messed up bike as well. And afterward, in a twinkling, I heard in the city The hopping and shouting and each muted oof. As I attracted my hand and was pivoting, Up from the asphalt he accompanied a bound. He was dressed all in new attire from his head to his foot, What's more, his garments were totally discolored with soil from a close by tree root; A beat up scoter he had flung on his back, What's more, he seemed as though he was destitute and high on break. His eyes didn’t twinkle, his dimples not joyful! His cheeks were loaded up with shame and his face red as a cherry! His comical little mouth pulled down in a scowl, What's more, the diversion of his activities contrasted and a comedian; The stump of a handlebar he grasped tight, What's more, the idea of his setback orbited his head, He had a wide face and a round little gut, That shook when he strolled like a bowlful of jam. He was rotund and full, a privilege sorry youthful mythical being, Also, I chuckled when I saw him, regardless of myself;

Competitive Rivalry Exhibited in the Movie Theater Industry - 1100 Words

Competitive Rivalry Exhibited in the Movie Theater Industry (Research Paper Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateCompetitive Rivalry exhibited in the Movie Theater IndustryNumerous researches have been carried out to ascertain the competitive rivalry that has in the past and presently depicted in the movie theater industry. The ongoing technological advancement across the movie industry has immensely impelled various investors to intensively engage in grand investments in movie production. Thus, most of the movie stores in United States have been provoked to shoot up to answer this demanding call. Thus, this paper explores a comprehensive research carried out to establish the impact of competitive rivalry affecting the movie theater industry. In this research, four published informative articles will be used to justify the trends that competitive rivalry in the movie industry has caused to the overall growth of the movie theater industry.The movie theater industry is flooded with many companies that mainly carry out film exhibition. For instance, most of the movie industries in United States perform drive-in movie theaters, cinemas and alfresco movie theaters. However, greater challenge is endorsed to the movie theater industry as the technology continues to grow day by day. Hudson is left in dilemma "whether the evolvement of online content streaming will lead to closure of outdoor movie theaters and cinemas as nowadays most people regard watching these movies at their conform in their homes than staying out in the open-airà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .In spite of having high viewersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ satisfaction and fascination, the movie theater industry has greater challenge in who should have market dominance hence resolving to competitive rivalry. As a result, other dependant market factors and risks become a big problem. Though, there are still a number of encouraging benefits due to this competitive rivalry hence giving this research an upper-hand in establishing the "extent of impact that the competitive rivalry has to movie theater industry" (Latham 2014).It is very important that the movie theater industry establishes an excellent and robust platform that gives each competing rivalry movie studio an advantage to thrive in the market place despite its size and population. From the four supportive researches on this competitive rivalry in movie theater industry, there are several factors that "give a clear understanding on the essence of this competitive rivalry" as depited in IBISworld website report.Declining life cycle stage: The projected total revenue in 2012 showed a 2.3% decline than the previous year hence concluding a deteriorating life cycle stage in movie theater industry. Therefore, "this negative effect should be dwelt with before the industry faces its final curtain" (Glover 2014).High barrier of entry: The only positive factor that can help a movie studio to have greater lion share in the market place in high barrier of entry. The digital screen technology is only affordable by the operators who enjoy high economies of scale in the market hence forcing the new entrants to migrate to the outdated technology. Also it is very costly to establish multi-screen theater house thus forcing the operators to renovate or acquire older theater buildings.Quality of the product: The internal competitions rely on the quality of the films and ticket prices. This is what mostly attracts the target audiences. There must be discount and combined offers in order to create more curiosity to the target audience on the movie theaters which also give additional challenge to the operators prior to the movie production unit.Per capita disposable income: This is the most important factor impacting the industry. Its increase leads to people spending more on discretionary services hence ticket sales raise up. In the contrary, the later may be true leading to decrease in the sensitivity risk the coming year.External competi...

A Study Of Gender Relations Essay - 2350 Words

The study of gender relations throughout the history of the ancient Near East is a complex subject of interest. Its underlying significance is noticeably connected with the formation and development of social structures that inevitably conflicted with each other. Consequently gender establishments deployed numerous apparatuses of social confinement and control. These power structures became formalized by the introduction of legislation and the execution of social norms through formal legal systems. The study of gender relations as opposed to the historical progression of law systems and cultural norms in the ancient world of the ancient Near East is primarily visible in the ancient Near Eastern cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Hatti. The cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt were in a constant state of evolution. The Near East produced many of the world’s earliest civilizations and through military campaigns and trade its developments from governmental precedents to social structures were spread to other areas. It was therefore the setting for the first wheel and the first government as well as other â€Å"innumerable firsts.† Egypt as well as Mesopotamia was swift to implement structures of law and governmental precedents as cities and societal structures arose. As early as the fourth millennium BCE, civilization was already originating in the Near East. 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Sexual Identity Guadalupe Sanchez Essay - 1566 Words

2 Guadalupe Sanchez Sexual Identity Guadalupe Sanchez California State University Long Beach For a long time I was not aware of the concept of sexual identity. When a boy likes a girl they develop a romantic connection, with the condition that the girl also finds the boy attractive. For a long time I considered that this was a classical receipt for romantic relationships and I could not separate romance from sexuality. The way I was raised, the religious precepts that have shaped my personality, the gender roles or the media and my relationships have contributed to who I am in terms of sexual identity. RELIGION Growing up as a Catholic I was educated in the spirit of living a pure life, learning many aspects about what I should not do. My parents and the entire Catholic community in which I grew up praised a restrictive life, wherein most of the pleasures in life were forbidden. Sex has been always a taboo subject for Catholics. My parents taught me that sexual relationships are only allowed after marriage. People who were known to be engaged in sexual relationships without being married were regarded as sinners and they were not respected within our community. Being raised in this spirit of considering sexuality a sin, I had become to despise the idea of sex, considering it impure and vulgar. As a child I could not imagine myself ever being married and desiring to be involved in sexual relationships, because I was inculcated with the idea that sexuality is

Social Marketing Digitalization

Question: Discuss about theSocial Marketingfor Digitalization. Answer: Introduction Marketing has gained a lot of importance in contemporary times. While earlier some firms see marketing as overheads but currently all the organizations are focusing their efforts in implementing full fledge marketing strategy. This is the age of Disruptiveness and Digitalization. Technology is changing at a rapid rate. Things, which are new, become obsolete in just no time. Also, almost everyone is coming online many times a day and checking out the web. At such junctures, it becomes important for the marketing team to capture the footprints of people over the web, their preferences so as to target a right set of people and reach their customer base. Digitalization offers tremendous potentials with no borders. Marketing team also has to stay closer to customers so as to identify and understand their requirements. All these marketing strategy work on the concept of marketing mix which is a combination of 4 Ps namely Place, Price, Promotion and product. Different organizations uses dif ferent mix of these 4 Ps to separate their offering from competitors and provide more value. In this paper, cause related marketing will be analyzed and elucidate for the 2 NGOs namely RSPCA and WWF. Both are involved for helping people who want to adopt animals or sponsor them or associate themselves in the prevention of nature and endangered species. They both have started the campaigns and the details are available over the web on their sites. These will be studied and analyzed in due course of the assignment. Campaign 1: RSPCAs campaign at https://www.rspca.org.au/adopt-pet Campaign 2: WWFs campaign at https://donate.wwf.org.au/campaigns/donate/ The first impression of the campaigns of both the organizations is quite different from each other. For instance, WWF deals majorly with the adoption of wild animals like snow leopard, Tiger, polar bear, panda, penguin and whale that cannot be kept as pet in normal home conditions while RSPCA caters more to the needs of the people who want to keep dogs, cats and other pets at their homes. RSPCA does not provide adoption of wild animals. Let us see exactly how both the campaigns are different or similar to each other in terms of their marketing mix. Analysis of Product Marketing Mix Product refers directly to what the organization is offering to their customers. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a leading organization involved in the conservation of endangered species and wildlife. It also aims at making earth a better place to live for all beings especially animals by providing them their fair share of earths natural resources. It has more than 5 million supporters and works in more than 100 countries. It receives its funding majorly from the individuals followed by the government sources and corporate (Polonsky, Macdonald, 2000). Below are the different types of benefits of the product of their campaigns: Core benefit Actual benefit Augmented benefit Feeling of satisfaction by helping protecting endangered species and doing something for a planet Actual benefits includes living planet magazine, fact book of animals, bags, adoption certificate, stickers and other goodies It includes the after sales service which can be keeping you update about the latest trends in environment by sending regular updated in form of books, magazines. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity started in England but now present worldwide. It works mainly to protect animals from cruelty and helps them to find their suitable home in forms of owners who want to own the animals as pets. Not only this, it has numerous animal hospitals and clinics where animals are treated for any injury or medical sickness. The primary form of funding is individual donation for RSPCA. Core benefit Actual benefit Augmented benefit Feeling of satisfaction and companionship by keeping animals as pets Actual benefits include animals, breed, and security if dog is adopted and like that. It includes the after sales service like if animal is having any sickness problem as well as insurance of the animal. Analysis of Price Marketing Mix Both the organizations are nonprofit organizations that work for the welfare of the people. While the major source of funding for both the organizations are Voluntary donation, WWF also receives funds from government and corporations. Both the campaigns have the various options to donate online. They have the option to donate on a recurring basis like monthly, bi-annually, annually and also as 1 time donation. People are free to donate any amount they like and are comfortable with. People will be given details about how they are money is being spent for the welfare of the animals. At RSPCA, people can adopt the animal of his choice depending upon the availability and pay the price based on the breed, color and popularity. Thus, RSPCA accepts donations and also help the people to adopt them as pets if they are willing. At WWF, it sells the lot of goodies like tiger toys, fact books, magazines as a part of its marketing campaign and to increase the awareness among the people. It also a ccepts donation even if people are not willing to buy anything. It also has tie up with big corporate like Starbucks, Coco- cola, GAP, AVON, Bank of America, CVS pharmacy and also offers the people to contribute directly from their salary. Not only this, as it receives major funding in form of bequest, it also has the option of pay by will and bequest on its website (Weinstein, Rogerson, Moreton, Balmford, Bradbury, 2015). It also has started unique campaign of spreading happiness during Christmas times by adopting animals and also has numerous gifting options during the festive times for the people. Its strong marketing strategy has made it a big brand and helps to further increase awareness. Analysis of Place Marketing Mix Place refers to how the product is distributed among the consumers. RSPCA has dedicated centers where people can come and pick the animals after uploading their application on the internet and also providing photos of the place where they are planning to keep the pet provided their application is approved. If people are not adopting but only donating money, they are free to visit any medical clinic or animal hospital to see the treatment of animals and can get the satisfaction how their money is being utilized at RSPCA. At WWF also, People can opt to adopt animal online but since their model is but different and they deal more with the protection of wildlife species whose numbers are on decline, there is nothing like animal pickup. People will receive various goodies like fact books, toy of the animal they adopt and regular updates (Melanthiou, 2016). If they are interested, they can visit any of the site of the WWF to see how their money is being used for the welfare of the people. Analysis of Promotion Marketing Mix Both the institutions are promoting their products and trying to establish themselves as a brand. Both have the dedicated marketing strategy in place. Both are using the online and offline modes for promotions. Both have presence over the internet and social medial platforms like twitter, facebook and are very active.WWF has a 10 year marketing strategy plan till 2024 and taking lot of initiative under it. They have various modes of marketing partnerships for the tie up with corporate in form of licensing, sponsorship, workplace giving and cause related marketing promotion (Wapner, 2012). WWFs million dollar pandas have donated more than 1 million through collaborations. Big names like AVON, HP, Subway, starbucks, Disney have donated to WWF. In this parameter of establishing relationship with corporate, RSPCA looks very conservative and needs to professionalize its approach by asking more and more corporate to sponsor its event and donate for the welfare of the animals. Various celeb rities also involved for promoting the WWF events and visions but there is not much seen for RSPCA (Nurse, 2013). WWF and RSPCA are active at twitters but the statistics are very different for both the organizations. Twitter Data as of 15-Dec-2016 Tweets Followers RSPCA 71.9 K 232K WWF 551K 2.85 million (Source: https://twitter.com/RSPCA_official and https://twitter.com/RSPCA_official) The above statistics clearly shows the aggressiveness and effectiveness of marketing strategy of WWF and also lot of scope of improvement for RSPCA. Target Market Description The target markets if viewed at very high level for both the organization is consists of people who love animals, nature and want to do something to protect out plant and mother earth. On further differentiation, RSPCA target customers involves lot of youth people and children who love to play with pets, older people who love to keep animals at home as security and also for their walks and fitness purposes and the WWF target customers involves upper class and upper middle class people who are well educated (Omura, 2014) and aware about the issue of endangered species and would like to do something for them. Conclusion This paper has critically analyzed the campaigns of both the nonprofit institution i.e. WWF and RSPCA that works for the welfare of the animals in their own ways. While at high level both the campaigns looks the same, there is huge difference between them in terms of various elements of marketing mix. They are different in terms of their products offering, promotion strategy, pricing as well as target customers. Both are using the online and offline modes to reach the greater mass of the people so as to increase their funding so as to increase their effort in the direction of our planet. References Melanthiou, Y. (2016). Messages Not Getting Through: Societal Marketing to the Rescue. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(2), 195-196. Nurse, A. (2013). Privatising the green police: the role of NGOs in wildlife law enforcement.Crime, law and social change,59(3), 305-318. Omura, T., Forster, J. (2014). Competition for donations and the sustainability of not-for-profit organisations.Humanomics,30(3), 255-274. Polonsky, M. J., Macdonald, E. K. (2000). Exploring the link between cause?related marketing and brand building.International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,5(1), 46-57. Wapner, P. (2012). World Wildlife Fund.The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. Weinstein, N., Rogerson, M., Moreton, J., Balmford, A., Bradbury, R. B. (2015). Conserving nature out of fear or knowledge? Using threatening versus connecting messages to generate support for environmental causes.Journal for Nature Conservation,26, 49-55.

Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Example For Students

Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Abstract. Current popular attack in the research and development of the acoustic soaking up panel is to replace man-made fibres that may be risky to wellness and environment with natural fibres that are inexpensive and has no inauspicious impact on wellness and the environment. The purpose of this research is to look into the sound soaking up coefficient of three different local natural cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff. Local fibres on its ain or combined were assorted with phenol methanal rosin. Compacted unit of ammunition shaped samples of 100 millimeters and 28 millimeters O with 12 millimeters thickness at 600 kg/cm3of denseness were produced before tested for sound soaking up coefficient by utilizing the electric resistance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001 criterion demands. The consequences obtained indicate that oil thenar empty fruit clump ( OPEFB ) , coir and rice chaff gave better soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile combination of rice chaff: sugar cane bagasse, rice straw: OPEFB and maize hazelnut: coir at certain mix ratios improved the soaking up coefficient of sugar cane bagasse, rice straw and maize hazelnut when being assorted together. This suggests a potency of using local natural cellulose fibres as sustainable and environmentally friendly acoustic soaking up panel. We will write a custom essay on Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Keywords:Local natural cellulose fibres, maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, rice chaff, acoustic soaking up panel Introduction Presents, the construct of green and sustainable engineering has become the major high spot in assorted Fieldss in the industry. For acoustic soaking up panel, the usage of traditional stuffs such as man-made fibres becomes a major concern to the society due to its harmful effects on human wellness. Researchers invariably review alternate stuffs which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly as replacements to bing natural stuffs. As consequences, there have been legion research attempts made by research workers to use natural cellulose fibres to develop constructing constituents such as acoustic panel which less inauspicious impact to the environment and human wellness. Natural fibres has a batch of advantages compared to the man-made fibres such as renewable, non-abrasive, cheaper, copiousness and less wellness and safety concern during managing and treating due to its really low toxicity ( Razak et al. ( 1988 ) ; D’Alessandro and Pispola ( 2005 ) ; Zulkifli et Al. ( 2009 ) ) . Previous local researches have suggested some natural cellulose fibres which have high potency to be applied as alternate stuffs of sound absorbing stuffs. Rice straw was reported suited for acoustic panel because of its good acoustic public presentation. Abdullah et Al. ( 2013 ) investigated dried rice straw assorted with methylcellulose as binder and found that rice straw absorber has comparable public presentation compared to the commercial glass wool absorber as it recorded good acoustic public presentation above 1500 kilohertz with mean absorption coefficient of 0.8. Putra et Al. ( 2012 ) studied on the acoustic belongingss of sugar cane waste fibres and found that the fibre produced good acoustic public presentation and was comparable against the classical man-made absorbers as it recorded mean soaking up coefficient of 0.65 at 1200 4500Hz. Furthermore, Mahzan et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the potency of rice chaff reinforced composite as sound absorber. The consequence demonst rated that rice chaff was superior to rubber atoms and wood shaved, as it recorded highest soaking up coefficient of 0.89 at 250Hz. Fouladi et Al. ( 2013 ) found that coir and maize fibre has immense potency to be used as sound absorber as it recorded better soaking up coefficient against rug, plyboard and curtain. The focal point point of this research is to analyze the sound soaking up coefficient of six different cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff whether on its ain or in combination with the same thicknesses and denseness of 12 millimeters and 600 kg/cm3severally ( see Table 2 ) . Possibly, findings from this research, would give another position and thought to use local natural cellulose fibres as natural stuff for sustainable acoustic soaking up panel. Methodology a ) Materials Corn Cob – a byproduct from the nucleus portion of the maize to which the grains are attached. Corn Cobs used in this research were obtained around Klang Valley. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) a byproduct generated from the palm oil industry. OPEFB was obtained from palm oil mill located in Sepang, Selangor. Rice Straw a byproduct of agricultural activity and identified as an agricultural waste merchandise which rarely being disposed by firing. Rice straw was obtained from paddy field in Machang, Kelantan. Coir – a by-productfrom thehuskof thecoconut,which is between the difficult inner shell and the outer coat. Coir was obtained from Batu Pahat, Johor. Rice Husk – a byproduct from the outermost bed of Paddy grain that is separated from the rice grains during the milling procedure. Rice chaffs were obtained at BERNAS rice factory at Tiram Jaya, Tanjong Karang Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) – a byproduct that remains aftersugarcanestalks are crushed to pull out their juice, SCB used in this research was obtained around Klang Valley. Phenol methanal rosin ( PL-60M ) acts as adhesives to adhere the stuffs and supply lastingness under heat, high humidness, and outside exposure conditions. PL-60M was supplied by Malayan Adhesives and Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. Table 1: Chemical composing of stuffs .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postImageUrl , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:visited , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active { border:0!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night - various plots and how they are int Essay Chemical Components Material/Dry Solid ( % ) ( a )Rice Straw ( B )OPEFB ( degree Celsius )Corn Cob ( vitamin D )Coir ( vitamin E )Rice Husk ( degree Fahrenheit )SCB Cellulose 33.4 51.28 41.27 68.9 28.6 35.2 Hemicellulose 28.2 28.18 46.00 16.8 28.6 25.5 Lignin 7.4 15.17 7.40 32.1 24.4 22.2 ( a ) Heet Al. ( 2008 ) ( B ) Ariffin et Al. ( 2008 ) ( degree Celsius ) Satimanont et Al. ( 2012 ) ( vitamin D )Asasutjarit et Al. ( 2007 )( vitamin E ) Di Blasiet Al. ( 1999 )( degree Fahrenheit )Rezendeet Al. ( 2011 ) B ) Samples readying and proving The natural stuffs of maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff were dried out and oppress. Then dried fibres were assorted and blended with phenol methanals rosin ( PL-60M ) in conformity to blend design composing ( see Table 2 ) and compressed utilizing cold imperativeness and hot imperativeness method to organize solid and strong acoustic soaking up panel. The force per unit area of cold pressure procedure was set at 10 Psi. Meanwhile, for hot pressure procedure, the panels were pressed at 170Â °C at four different force per unit areas ; 80 kg/cm3, 50 kg/cm3, 20 kg/cm3and 20 kg/cm3severally. To bring forth unit of ammunition shaped samples, cutting procedure was done by utilizing the air compaction cutter with two different diameters in conformity to impedance tube diameter of 100 and 28 millimeters for low and high frequence measurings, severally. The sound soaking up coefficient of the samples was measured utilizing electric res istance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001. The frequence ranges for proving were 250 – 4000 Hz. Table 2: Mix design composing Material Sample Ratio ( % ) Density ( kg/cm3) Resin Corn Cob AP1 100 600 PL-60M Coir AP2 100 600 PL-60M Rice Straw AP3 100 600 PL-60M Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) AP4 100 600 PL-60M Rice Husk AP5 100 600 PL-60M Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) AP6 100 600 PL-60M Corn Cob: Coir AP7 50:50 600 PL-60M AP8 70:30 600 PL-60M AP9 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Straw: OPEFB AP10 50:50 600 PL-60M AP11 70:30 600 PL-60M AP12 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Husk: SCB AP13 50:50 600 PL-60M AP14 70:30 600 PL-60M AP15 30:70 600 PL-60M Figure 1: ( a ) Cold pressing procedure ( B ) Hot pressing procedure ( degree Celsius ) Cutting Procedure ( vitamin D ) Impedance tubing trial Result and Discussion The acoustic soaking up coefficient for the natural cellulose fibres on its ain are stipulated in the Figure 2 ( a ) . Most of the samples absorbed more sound at higher scope of frequence except for sample AP1 and AP3 which decreased bit by bit at higher frequence ranges ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Sample AP4 and AP5 recorded the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower frequence ranges ( 250-1000 Hz ) and higher frequence scope ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Meanwhile, sample AP6 attained the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower frequence scope and sample AP1 at higher frequence scope. Figure 2 ( B ) shows the soaking up coefficient of assorted natural cellulose fibres at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios. Samples AP7, AP10, AP12, AP13, AP14 and AP 15 showed maximal soaking up capacity at higher frequence scope. Meanwhile, samples AP8, AP9, AP11 decreased bit by bit after go throughing 2000 Hz. Sample AP14 attained the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower and higher frequence ranges. On the other manus, sample AP9 showed the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower and higher frequence scope. Blending the natural cellulose fibres together at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios give both positive and negative effects on its sound soaking up capacity. For case, figure 2 ( degree Celsius ) illustrates that, when maize hazelnut and coir were being assorted together at 50:50 and 70:30 of ratios it gives better sound soaking up capacity than maize hazelnut on its ain as it recorded higher soaking up coefficient of 0.19 at 4000 Hz for sample AP7 and 0.16 at 2000 Hz for sample AP8. At 30:70 ratio, there was no betterment on the soaking up capacity of the sample ( sample AP9 ) as it recorded lower soaking up coefficient at all frequence scope than maize hazelnut ( sample AP1 ) and coir ( sample AP2 ) on its ain. Coir on its ain ( sample AP2 ) possessed the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile, for rice straw and OPEFB, 30:70 ( sample AP12 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP10 ) mix ratios gives better soaking up coefficient values than rice straw on its ain ( sample AP3 ) as it recorded satisfactory soaking up coefficient values of 0.34 and 0.29 at 4000 Hz severally. Rice straw and OPEFB at 70:30 ratio ( sample 11 ) gives inauspicious consequence on its soaking up capacity as it recorded the lowest soaking up coefficient than the other samples. On the other manus, OPEFB on its ain ( sample AP4 ) recorded the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others as shows in figure 2 ( vitamin D ) . Mixed rice chaff and sugar cane bagasse at 70:30 and 50:50 of mix ratio besides improved the soaking up capacity when compared to sugarcane bagasse on its ain. At 70:30 ( sample AP14 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP13 ) mix ratios, optimal soaking up coefficient of 0.38 and 0.28 both at 4000 Hz were recorded as sugar cane bagasse on its ain ( sample AP6 ) merely recorded 0.17 of optimal soaking up coefficient at 4000 Hz. Rice Husk: sugar cane bagasse at 30:70 of mix ratio ( sample AP15 ) attained the lowest soaking up coefficient as it recorded merely 0.13 of soaking up coefficient value ( see figure 2 ( vitamin E ) ) . Based on analytical observation of obtained consequences, most of the samples recorded lower and unsatisfactory soaking up coefficient except samples made from OPEFB and rice chaff. This may be due to its less porous feature and thicker fibre size, which affect it absorption coefficient. Seddeq ( 2009 ) suggested that porousness and fiber size dramas an of import function in sound soaking up of hempen stuff as porous stuff and thin fibre size addition sound soaking up which allows more moving ridges to go through through them. Apart from that, the soaking up of the natural cellulose fibres can be improved by increasing the thickness of the natural fiber bed which will increase soaking up at lower frequences. Furthermore, the soaking up belongingss of natural fibres can besides be increased by increasing the majority denseness of the stuff. Natural fibres seem to supply better soaking up belongingss because of increased majority denseness due to excess matrix stuff ( Al Rahman et al. , 2013 ) . .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postImageUrl , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:visited , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active { border:0!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayTable 2: Absorption coefficients of natural cellulose fibres Sample Frequency ( Hz ) /Absorption coefficient 250 500 1000 2000 4000 AP1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.06 AP2 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.21 0.23 AP3 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.27 0.18 AP4 0.09 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.63 AP5 0.08 0.09 0.39 0.5 0.54 AP6 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.1 0.17 AP7 0.07 0.1 0.17 0.18 0.19 AP8 0.03 0.04 0.1 0.16 0.06 AP9 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.04 AP10 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.29 AP11 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.07 AP12 0.07 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.34 AP13 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.2 0.28 AP14 0.11 0.12 0.31 0.38 0.38 AP15 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 Decision Several local natural cellulose fibres were utilized as acoustic soaking up panel in this survey. The consequences illustrated that these local cellulose fibres has relevant acoustic soaking up and would be a feasible replacement for industrial merchandises. These new findings hopefully would give another position to the development of sustainable acoustic soaking up panel which is more environmental friendly. Recognition The writers would wish to thank Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Oceancash Felts Sdn Bhd for their proficient support and Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ) Research Acculturation Grant Scheme 600-RMI/RAGS 5/3 ( 32/2012 ) for patronizing this research. Mentions Abdullah Y. , Putra A. , Efendy H. , Farid W. M. and Ayob M. R. Investigation On Sound Absorption Coefficient Of Natural Paddy Fibers International Journal Of Renewable Energy Resources 3 ( 2013 ) 8-11 Al Rahman L.A, Raja R.I. and Rahman A.R. Experimental Study On Natural Fibers For Green Acoustic Absorption Materials American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 ( 10 ) : 1307-1314, 2013 ISSN: 1546-9239 Ariffin, H. , Hassan, M. A. , Umi Kalsom, M. S. , Abdullah, N. , Ghazali, F. M. , A ; Shirai, Y. ( 2008 ) . Production of bacterial endoglucanase from oil thenar empty fruit clump by Bacillus Pumilus EB3. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,3, 231-2236. Asasutjarit, C. , Hirunlabh, J. , Khedari, J. , Charoenvai, S. , Zeghmati, B. , and Shin, U. C. Development of coconut coir-based lightweight cement board. Construction and Building Materials ( 2007 ) , 21 ( 2 ) , 277-288 BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001, 2001, Acoustics Determination of sound soaking up coefficient and electric resistance in electric resistance tubings – Part 2, Transfer-function method. D’Alessandro, F. and Pispola G. 2005. Sound soaking up belongingss of sustainable hempen stuffs in an enhanced echo room. Paper presented in The 2005 Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 07-10 August. Di Blasi, C. , Buonanno, F. and Branca, C. 1999. Responsivenesss of some biomass chars in air. Carbon. 37 ( 8 ) , 1227-1238. Fouladi, M.H. , Nassir, M.H. , Ghassem, M. , Shamel, M. , Yeng Peng, S. , Yi Wen, S. , Zong Xin, P. and Mohd Nor, M.J. Utilizing Malaysian Natural Fibers as Sound Absorber. In, Modeling and Measurement Methods for Acoustic Waves and for Acoustic Microdevices. InTech, ISBN: 978-953-51-1189-4, pp.161-170, 2013. He Y. , Pang Y, Liu Y, Li X. and Wang K. Physicochemical Characterization of Rice Straw Pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide in the Solid State for Enhancing Biogas Production Energy A ; Fuels 2008, 22, 2775–2781 Mahzan S, Ahmad Zaidi A.M. , Ghazali M.I. , Yahya M.N. and. Ismail M. Investigation on sound soaking up of rice-husk reinforced composite.In: Proceedings of MUCEET2009 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology, 20-22 June 2009, MS Garden, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Putra A. , Abdullah Y. , Efendy H. , Farid W.M. , Ayob M.R. and Py M.S. Using Sugarcane Wasted Fibers as a Sustainable Acoustic Absorber Procedia Engineering vol. 53 p. 632-638 Razak A. , M.A. , Khoo, K.C. , and Khozirah, S. 1988. Prospects and Potential Of The Oil Palm Trunk as a Beginning Of Lignocellulosic Raw Material, The Malayan Forester, Vol 51 ( 3 ) :164-175. Rezende et Al. Chemical And Morphological Characterization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Submitted To A Delignification Process For Enhanced Enzymatic Digestibility Biotechnology for Biofuels 2011,4:54 Sassine Y.N. , Ghora Y. , Kharrat M. , Bohme M. and Abdel-Mawgoud A.M.R. Waste Paper as an Alternative for Casing Soil in Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) Production’ Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1 ( 3 ) : 277-284, 2005 Seddeq H.S. Factors Influencing Acoustic Performance of Sound Absorptive Materials Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3 ( 4 ) : 4610-4617, 2009 ISSN 1991-8178 Zulkifli, R. , Mohd Nor, M.J. , Ismail, A.R. , Nuawi, M.Z. , Abdullah, S. , Mat Tahir, M.F. , Ab Rahman, M.N. Comparison belongingss between coir fiber and oil thenar fiber. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Vol. 33, No 1, pp 144-152. Figure 2 ( a ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 100 % mix ratio Figure 2 ( B ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratio Figure 2 ( degree Celsius ):Absorption Coefficient of maize hazelnut and coir for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin D ):Absorption Coefficient of rice straw and OPEFBfor 100,50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin E ):Absorption Coefficient of rice chaff A ; sugarcane bagasse for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios

Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System The WritePass Journal

Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System Introduction Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System IntroductionThe harm of Negligent MisstatementsDefence of the LiabilityThe harm of defectionThird PartiesReferencesAppendicesRelated Introduction An expert system can be considered to have two major components. First, there is its knowledge base. This is the portion of the system that contains specialized knowledge and expertise about its domain of application. In commercial law, liability is a form of business ownership in which business owners are legally responsible for no more than the amount that they have contributed to a venture. [1] A contract is an agreement between two or more parties to do, not do, or promise something. Contracts can come in many forms - they can be oral or written, implied or express, and legally enforceable or not. [2] Negligent misstatement relates to a representation of fact, which is carelessly made, and is relied on by another party to their disadvantage. The harm of Negligent Misstatements A false statement of fact made honestly but carelessly. A statement of opinion may be treated as a statement of fact if it carries the implication that the person making it has reasonable grounds for his opinion. However, a negligent misstatement is only actionable in tort if there has been breach of a duty to take care in making the statement that has caused damage to the claimant. There is no general duty of care in making statements, particularly in relation to statements on financial matters. Responsibility for negligent misstatements is imposed only if they were made in circumstances that made it reasonable to rely on them (Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 (HL); Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL)). If a negligent misstatement induces the person to whom it was made to enter into a contract with the maker of the statement, the statement may be actionable as a term of the contract if the parties intended it to be a term or it may give rise to dama ges or rescission under the Misrepresentation Act 1967. [3] It has long been recognized that liability in Tort might arise from negligent actions, but liability for negligent misstatements and negligent advice has been less well accepted by the courts. A negligent misstatement might be defined as a representation of fact, carelessly made, which is relied on by the claimant to his disadvantage. Where the misstatement or advice is Fraudulent, this is a different matter; such misstatements may amount to the tort of deceit. In derry v peek 1888, the house of lords held that Dishonesty was an essential element of deceit, and that mere carelessness would never suffice. This judgement was taken, perhaps wrongly, to indicate that there could be no liability in tort for negligent statements; but since this judgement predated the seminal donoghue v stevenson 1932, there was no well-developed law of negligence at the time. Consequently, it is not entirely surprising that this conclusion was reached. [4] Especially where physical damage is involved, cour ts may disregard a contract in which a customer expressly assumes the risk of the suppliers negligence. Negligence, when proven, can thus surmount almost any legal obstacle the suppliers erect. As courts and legislatures become less tolerant of negligent corporate behaviour, any business that is judged negligent will likely pay for actual damages, possibly be assessed punitive damages, and may even face regulatory or criminal proceedings. Therefore, the only secure protection is not to be negligent. Defence of the Liability Products liability involves the defence of manufacturers and sellers of allegedly defective products. I defend companies who are sued by injured plaintiffs due to alleged defects in the design or manufacture of a product. Generally, the injured parties claim that additional safety features should have been included or that a necessary part was improperly manufactured or installed on a product. [5] When a products liability claim is filed, we will work with you to prepare an intelligent, vigorous and strategically aggressive defence. We will obtain the information and documentation necessary to effectively evaluate the merits of the claim and promptly analyze the strengths and weaknesses of your adversarys case and of your own. We will analyze insurance coverage issues and prepare and prosecute, to trial if necessary, insurance claims for any coverage you may have. [6] Not only can making a claim secure the compensation you deserve and help recover the costs of any treatment, but it can also help draw attention to the negligent manufacturer or retailer. By doing so, you may be able to prevent others from having to endure a similar experience. Where there are several incidents of personal injury related to a particular product, the manufacturer should issue a product recall. [7] Manufacturers are responsible for products sold to consumers and the safety of their customers is paramount. You should seek advice if a defective product has caused you personal injury as you may be entitled to claim compensation. The Consumer Protection Act 1987 makes manufacturers or importers of products into the EU strictly liable for personal injury caused as a consequence of any product defect. [8] For a claim based on tort law, the claimant will need to show that the defendant was negligent and in breach of its duty to take reasonable care in relation to the product. The claimant will also need to overcome other assertions by the defendant, for example that the defect in question was unforeseeable. [9] The harm of defection There are broadly speaking two approaches which could be adopted to the issue of â€Å"defectiveness†. On one view it could be said that a product is defective when it does not live up to the expectations of consumers. On the other hand a product could be said to be defective when the product is in a condition which is unreasonably dangerous to persons or to their property. The 1987 Act appears to be closer to the tort standard than the contract standard. The safety of the product is not such as persons generally are entitled to expect; and for those purposes â€Å"safety†, in relation to a product, shall include safety with respects to products comprised in that product and safety in the context of risks of damage to property, as well as in the context of risks of death or personal injury. [10] Third Parties Third-party liability insurance protects the insured from legal liability claims presented by third parties. It can be difficult to determine who party to a contract is when it is a three way relationship. For instance, there is a legal contract between International Water Service and Pennine Water. There is also a legal contract between Pennine Water and its customers. The three or more roles in the contract are different from two roles in the contract. In this case, there is no legal contract between International Water Service and the customers of Pennine Water. The case that relate to third parties is The Salvage Association v CAP Financial Services Ltd [1995]. The more important factor that I must pay attention is ‘reasonable care and skill’ in this case. For example, if we will develop this system, we must supply some compilers who have sufficient experience in the skill. If we send some no-sufficient compilers, IWS has the liability when the system is defective. S o the supplier, if acting in the course of a business, will carry out the service with: ‘reasonable care and skill’. There is another important aspect in third parties. It is Privity of Contract. Privity of Contract is a doctrine of contract law that prevents any person from seeking the enforcement of a contract, or suing on its terms, unless they are a party to that contract. Suppose there are a customer, an agent and a manufacturer. There is a subcontract between agent and manufacturer. Moreover, there is a contract between agent and customer. So we can give a definition to privity of contract. Privity refers to a connection or bond between parties to a particular transaction. Privity of contract is the relationship that exists between two or more parties to an agreement. Privity of estate exists between a lessor and a lessee, and privity of possession is the relationship between parties in successive possession of real property.    References [1] Legal liability http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liability [2] What is a contract wisegeek.com/what-is-a-contract.htm [3] Negligent misstatement http://law.jrank.org/pages/16397/negligent-misstatement-(negligent-misrepresentation-careless-statement).html [4] Negligent misstatement lawiki.org/lawwiki/Negligent_misstatement [5] Practice Insights: Products Liability Law http://legalcareers.about.com/od/legalspecialties/a/productsliab.htm [6] Products Liability Law floridalawyer.com/services-products.html [7] Making a Defective Product Claim national-accident-helpline.co.uk/accident-claims/defective-product-claims.html?s=googlegclid=CKOEzujgrKgCFUdP4QodK1f9HQ [8] Defective Products Liability Claim firstpersonalinjury.co.uk/our-specialities/defective-products-and-product-liability-claims [9] What is product liability? findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/defective_and_dangerous_products/500054.html [10] Insite Law insitelawmagazine.com/ch11productlaibility.htm [11] David Bainbridge ‘Introduction to Information Technology Law’ (2008) Appendices Donoghue v Stevenson On 26 August 1928, Donoghue cost 30 minutes to Paisley by a tram. At about 8:50 pm, she was in the Wellmeadow Cafe with her friend. Her friend ordered and paid for a pear, ice and an ice-cream drink. The owner uses a tumbler to contain ginger beer and ice cream. Donoghue drank some and her friends lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the bottle. Then, they found there is a snail which was in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the tumbler. Donoghue complained soon and her doctor diagnosed her as having gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock. On 9 April 1929, Donoghue brought an action against David Stevenson who is the water manufacturer in Paisley. Donoghue claimed 500 pounds as damages for injuries sustained. Caparo Industries plc v Dickman A company called Fidelity plc, which is a manufactures of electrical equipments, was the target of a takeover by Caparo Industries plc. Fidelity did not run well. In March 1984 Fidelity had issued a profit warning, which had halved its share price. In June 1984, the annual accounts were done with the help of the accountant Dickman. Caparo found that Fidenlity’s accounts were in an even worse state than had been revealed by the directors or the auditors. Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd Hedley Byrne was a firm of advertising agents. Easipower Ltd is a customer who put in a large order. Hedley wanted to check the information, which includes financial position and credit-worthiness. Heller Partners Ltd replied in a letter that was headed, â€Å"without responsibility on the part of this bank†. Easipower said that consider good for its ordinary business engagements. Derry v peek (1888) The defendant tram company advertised in its prospectus that it would employ steam power, and intimated that it had the authority of the Board of Trade to do so. In the end, the Board refused consent to steam power, and the company was wound up. The claimant investor brought an action in the tort of deceit, which ultimately failed in the HouseOfLords. While there was no doubt that the defendants claim was unfounded, the House held that deceit required actual Dishonesty Negligence, however culpable was not enough.

Response Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response Strategies - Assignment Example Whichever the case, a good response strategy must be in perfect alignment with the set objectives of the PPS. Response strategies can range from deterrence, to containment, to recovery, delayed response, denial, immediate response, or it could well be a combination of all depending on the set goals of the PPS. What is however, worth noting is the fact that the overall success or effectiveness of a PPS depends on the effectiveness of the response strategies. Deterrence Deterrence as a response strategy is largely based upon creating a perception of tight security as a way of forestalling aggression or attack from a potential low level adversary. For deterrence to be effective security personnel would need to be visible and they must communicate a sense of capableness, timely and effective response to incidence, diligence and randomness in patrol schedule. It is in many ways the first line of response strategy built in anticipation of attacks from adversaries who are not very motivated . For example, armed security personnel at a Wall Street bank generally would discourage low level attacks of vandalism from adversaries who are not very motivated.

Depression -bachelor in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Depression -bachelor in nursing - Essay Example This is one of the primary mood disorders characterized by a depressed mood and/or a decrease in interest in things that used to give pleasure. Depression acquires more severe proportions when the early warning signals get ignored by the person, his/her family or friends. Families and patients often tend to overlook this condition as they 'think' they should be able to control it themselves or the symptoms would soon disappear on their own. Some of the symptoms which lead to depression are; Though depression knows no limits of age or sex, yet the phenomenon is more prevalent in elder people and female. Ladies are more prone to depression as compared to their male counterparts owing to an additional type known as postpartum depression - the psychiatric disorder which grips the female soon after giving birth to a baby, also known as postnatal depression. Depression, in general can be classified as; Clinical Depression: Depression is classified as clinical when it is being felt by the family or friends that the patient requires clinical assistance for treatment. It is also known as Major depression or unipolar depression. People with this type of depression feel sad and appear detached from entertaining activities. Incoherent memory, problems in concentration, laziness and loss of appetite are some of the symptoms of such a disorder. Dysthymia or Persistent De... Dysthymia or Persistent Depression: This is a less severe type of depression often termed as minor depression. Under such type the person may feel like sad and dissatisfied with the happening around him/her. Such symptoms may temporarily disappear, only to recur with more severity if proper attention is not paid to the early warning signals. At times the person may not be aware of existence of such a depression as he/ she make it a part of their routine, often unenjoyable, life. Fatigue, low self-esteem, insomnia, bouts of concentration loss and appetite disturbances are some of the symptoms of Dysthymia, which are not considered severe enough to go for treatment. A person may feel sad on account of certain circumstances but, recurrence of such sadness leads to depression. Atypical Depression: This type of depression borders near major or clinical depression, but with less severity. Symptoms of atypical depression include fatigue, oversleeping, overeating and subsequent weight gain. Such a depression might be long lasting as the person feels unduly elated and looks for happiness even in circumstances where there's none. Bipolar or Manic Depression: As the name itself suggest, bipolar depression leads to formation of two different poles of mood, varying from lower levels to extremely high levels (manic situation), which leads to overreaction and often leads to suicides. For example, one of my neighbor who was just 39 yrs, with a family of two lovely kids and a working wife felt ignored by his wife and friends. He took retirement from a police job and started working as an instructor in a high school. During the police job he used to be

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay In this topic, I will show animal testing. Animal testing is a part of our everyday life. Do you know that many of the products around us and use everyday are still tested on animals? However, many people complain about using animals testing, and they argue animals have life right. People produce a new medicine or cosmetics. But the new product needs to be tested what will affect humans. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing? I think nobody wants to do it. Animal testing saves our lives. Animal testing is necessary for many reasons. A lot of animals are used for experimentation every year. For example: white mice, dog, rabies, and monkey. Without them we dont know if a product is safe to use or not. Animal testing is important because it provides an excellent insight into the complex interactions within a biological system that no existing alternative can provide. Humans and animals alike share many of the same basic biological processes and interaction (Jason,1996). We need to understand animal testing; it is helpful to be aware of different kinds of research conducted on animals and engage in testing. The story Animal Experimentation Is Ethical by Derbyshire, he agrees animal experimentation is necessary. He says: the best hopes to treat or cure any number of diseases all rely on current animal experiments(Derbyshire, 2006 pg 11). Animal testing improves our safety and increases our knowledge of nature and can therefore increase the possibilities for human action, advancing the cause of human freedom. Also, his consensus has formed regarding the three Rs: refinement, reduction, and replacement are defined. The three Rs is importance and advantages of alternatives to animal testing methods are mentioned. Successful promotion of animal research can only begin when we withdraw support for the three Rs. On the other hand in the story Animal Have Rights by Tom Regan, the author argues that non-human animals have the same rights as humans do because animal are similar rational and emotional beings. He contends that viewing animals as inferior constitutes specialism, a prejudice similar to sexism and racism. Furthermore, he claims that treating animals equally fosters individual growth and helps society become more compassionate. Regan (1997) says using animals for testing is a wrong way. It is wrong to treat weaker human beings, especially those who are lacking in normal human intelligence, as tools or renewable resources or models or commodities. It cannot be right, therefore, to treat other animals as if they were tools, models and the like (Regan,1997 pg 21). Animal testing is a part of everyday life. From the shampoos and conditioners that consumers buy to medicines that patients receive, many everyday products are tested on animals. Hampton (2010) says the new products testing is difference between humans and animals. Companies test the new products on animal protect people safety; people can buy the safe products and couldnt hurt them. Companies test on animals to ensure their products are safe not just for profit (Hampton,2010). Animal testing has advanced human welfare and animal testing is necessary. Ranganatha (2012) information is given about the institutions researching alternatives to animal testing and resources available to assist in searching for alternatives are listed. Ethical considerations on the alternative methods are also discussed. It is concluded that much greater effort should be put into overcoming the barriers to the acceptance of replacement alternatives which currently limit the contributions they have to make toward greater humanity and better biomedical science (Ranganatha, 2012). Animal testing can help save human lives. Some animal testing is done to promote a product or to understand the effects of those products. Anonymous (2012) without animal testing first, nobody know whether it is safe for someone to take a new drug or use an improved anesthetic. Researchers may start to use the small flies, if the products havent happen wrong thing, then move up to mice or rabbits and then up to animals much like ourselves. The new products are safety they might test on human volunteers try it, and see the side result. The new products havent killed any animals or people yet, they will sell the new products to the market (Anonmous, 2012). PIR Partners Research (2008) Consumers demand and have a right to expect that the products they depend upon are safe if used properly. They also need reassurance that physicians can save victims in case of accident. Currently, the only way to guarantee these protections is through knowledge gained from animal testing( PIR Partners R esearch, 2008 pg 33). Animal testing is a good way to protect consumers able to use these new products to help them with their illness and even save some of their lives. Without animal testing we dont know if a product is safe to use or not . PIR Partners Research (2008) animal testing has helped people using safe products of the important ways. For example: the company produce the baby food and victims, before the use animal testing and the researcher to resolve the problem that might be caused by a drug or product. It is the first test step. The results were sometimes tragic. The researcher would make sure the products is safe. Many parent hope and have right to expect that the product that they believe on are safe if used properly. Today the only way to guarantee these protection is through knowledge gained from animal testing. ( PIR Partners Research, 2008). Animal experimentation is necessary to ensure product safety. The government requires that the new drugs be tested on animals before sale to market. On the other hand, the computer testing cannot substitute for animal testing . George Poste suggests (2006) although present-day technology cannot yet replace many types of animal research, the research community is committed to finding new ways to reduce and replace animal testing. This ethical commitment is embodied in strict animal welfare protocols at most university, government and industrial laboratories(Poste,2006). Today animal testing is only because of animal experimentation. If the new drugs are only test in a computer lad, who is first able to use them? Kyle(2007) lab animals are also used to help train doctors and veterinarians to be able to practice doing operations before doing the operation on a person. All of these tests work because, according to the BBC website there are No differences between lab animal and humans that cant be factored into tests. (Kyle, 2007). Many of the people who oppose animal testing believe that replacement should be used in these test. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing. Naik (2011) if some of people oppose animal testing, who would like to volunteer for new products testing. I think nobody wants to do it. The people who against it and say is unjust for animals, also they say animals are equal to people. If the company produces a new medicine or cosmetic. Researchers dont test on animal at the first, they look for some volunteers to test on the new products. I think nobody wants to test at the first. (Nail, 2011). Many people suggest new products test on Syrian hamster embryos(SHE). On the other hand, Partners Research (2008) computer data banks allow for the reduction of test duplication. They are also useful in the initial evaluation of chemicals slated for further study; unsuitable chemicals can be eliminated from consideration prior to the institution of animal testing. But computers can only process and store existing knowledge, much of which has come from animal studies. Animal testing is needed to expand that knowledge base (Partners Research, 2008). Animal testing cannot separate with new technology, too. People produce a new medicine or cosmetics. But the new product have to be test for what will affect for humans. Kyle (2007) says that animal testing is a well regulated method to improve the safety of products and to help develop life saving medicines, for which there are no alternatives. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety (Kyle,2007). Researchers want to discover the products information. The information is collected and used to make assumptions about how the products will work on humans and how the products might affect humans. In conclusion, animal testing based on scientific result, it is given us a lot of safe products. The scientific community has been successful in reducing the number of animals used in safety testing, as well as in refining test methods to reduce any pain or distress these animals may experience. The new medicine or cosmetics are always tested on animals first. The new products if safe might be tested on people, try it and see the result. Today, many companies use animal and lab computers to test new products. However, animal testing would find out more detail information and dont hurt people. Animal testing is safe for our live. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Essay -- students, academic progre

On January 8, 2002, President George Bush signed into law The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which was a reauthorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which was designed to help disadvantaged students achieve success in school (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011) The components of The No Child Left Behind included annual testing, academic progress, report cards, teacher qualifications, and funding changes. These measures were â€Å"designed to drive broad gains in student achievement and to hold states and schools more accountable for student progress† (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011, para. 3). NCLB also promised to close the achievement gap and increase student learning (Hursh 2007). By the year 2005-2006, the states were required to assess all students annually in grades 3-8, and these tests had to be aligned with the state standards (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). In addition, a representative sample of 4th graders and 8th graders had to participate in National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) testing program in order to be compared to other students nationally (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). For a school to meet academic progress, certain subgroups and the school has a whole had to make adequate yearly progress. If the school failed to make AYP, then the school could receive supplemental services and parents could send their children to another school. If the school continued to not make AYP, then the school could receive punitive government sanctions. Teachers had to be deemed highly qualified in their subject matter, and school report cards had to be released each year to illustrate student achievement data and scho... ...lenge them as well as help them to learn, the students are able to achieve academic progress. References Dee, B. and Jacob, T.S. (2011). The impact of no child left behind on student achievement. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30 (3), 418–446. Retrieved from http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/86808/20586_ftp.pdf?sequence= Editorial Projects in Education Research Center. (2011, September 19). Issues A-Z: No Child Left Behind. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/no-child-left-behind/ Hursh, D. (2007 September). Exacerbating inequality: The failed promise of the no child left behind act. Race, Ethnicity, and Education.10 (3), 295-308. Retrieved from http://www.wou.edu/~girodm/foundations/Hursh.pdf Tatum, A. (2006) Engaging African-american males in reading. Educational Leadership, 63(5), 44-49.

A Devoted Son Ending Rewrite

Ending Rewrite of the Devoted Son September 29th, 2012 â€Å"Papa, I have brought you a new tonic to help you feel better. You must take it; it will make you feel stronger again. Here it is. Promise you will take it regularly, Papa. † Varma’s mouth worked as hard as though he still had a gob of betel in it (his supply of betel had been cut off years ago). Then he spat out some words, as soft and sweet as roses, into his sons face. â€Å"If it will make me feel stronger, and better than for you I will my son† The Great doctor looked at his father with such relief in his eyes, finally he will try and get better with my help.He kissed his father on the forehead and then left into the house, with his wife, still waiting at the door with a cup of tea. The next morning Rakesh got up and brought his dad his morning tea, not in just any cup, but in the old man’s favorite brass tumbler. As Rakesh arrived to his father he did not look so well, so pale in the face, s o much fear in him. Rakesh put the pillows behind his father’s back so he could sit up. â€Å"Papa, how are you feeling today, you don’t look so swellâ€Å" he said with sadness in his voice. In silence, Varma took the cup of tea from his son and took a sip.He then removed the pillows from behind him so he was lying flat again, closed his eyes, and peacefully fell back to sleep. Rakesh sat there in silence knowing that it wasn’t long before his old man will pass on, from now it will only be a matter of days or even hours. Rakesh went about his day and went to work. Veena, Papa’s daughter-in law, fixed up some lunch for the old man, nothing special since Rakesh has order he had nothing fried, no butter, no oil. Veena came into the room with the stainless steel tray of food, some dry bread, boiled lentils, boiled vegetables, and some plane old boiled fish.His daughter-in law put the tray on his lap turned around, and slipped silently out of the room with a little smirk that only the old man saw, and hated. Not long after Veena was down in the kitchen when she heard this scream of pain come from Varmas room stunned and scared, she dropped the glass on the wooden floor, crashing down with such an obnoxious noise. She raced upstairs to his bedroom, to find the old man lying stretched out on his bed, scared Veena went over to the side of the bed, only to come to the old man sitting up and once again spitting out red spittle on her.So she thought it was. Veena yelled at him this is nonsense, you can’t keep spitting at me like that! But as she looked longer at old Papa she noticed it wasn’t spittle, it was blood. Papa was choking on his blood, having feeling so sorrowful that she was yelling him, Veena was panicking now, and she didn’t know what to do. She quickly picked up the phone to call Rakesh. She went to the old man trying to stop him from chocking but she couldn’t, it was to late the old man suddenly ju st fell over in bed. He was gone, Veena sat there beside the bed crying, and sobbing.When Rakesh finally arrived home Veena met him at the door, with tears in her eyes, she looked up at him and Rakesh knew his father had passed. â€Å"No†¦ No†¦ No†¦ â€Å" Rakesh yelled. `This can’t be happening! â€Å" He raced upstairs to his father, crying he was, he took his father’s hand and said I’m sorry papa, I shouldn’t have given you that tonicâ€Å". The next morning the ceremony for the old man was held, friends, family all gathered around, celebrating Varmas life. Rakesh got up went to the end of his father’s casket and bowed to his feet, just one last time.

Creativity Is Important For Our Future - 1227 Words

Creativity is no longer being looked upon as simply a thing that ‘right-brained’ people hold. It is seen as a driving force that is needed in America so the society as a whole can prosper and the country can continue to compete globally on the economic level. While participants in the debate about creativity in education agree about the notion that creativity is vital to future societal growth, they disagree about in what ways creativity is important, how creativity should be introduced in college, and how much emphasis it should hold. Some say creativity is dying. Some say creativity is a thriving force that simply needs to be highlighted. However, majority say that creativity is needed. This need is due to the desire to stay innovated and distinguished from other countries in the world. For example, Richard Florida said, â€Å"Creativity at once is our most precious resource†. This shows how detrimental to our future Florida believes creativity is. However, people that share the beliefs of John Calhoun would see that creativity is important as an accessory to the science and math courses taught at colleges (Calhoun). Nevertheless, creativity is seen as a vital resource for the young adults of America because this type of intuitive thinking is seen as a necessity for future innovation. Therefore, in order to stay a global power, people are realizing that creativity, the art of thinking outside the box, should be taught in college education. However, after the conclusion thatShow MoreRelatedOnline Collaborative Learning Group 25 ( Oclg25 )856 Words   |  4 Pagesand theorists readings were examined in module 3. Online Collaborative Learning Group 25 (OCLG25) were able to engage and express individual ideals that focused on the future of education. The group shared the theories from Thomas Friedman, Yong Zhao and Sir Ken Robinson which were found to be most relevant in support of our position. 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